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Luís I
King of Portugal and the Algarves
Reign	11 November 1861 – 19 October 1889
Acclamation	22 December 1861
Predecessor	Pedro V
Successor	Carlos I
Prime Ministers	See list Duke of Loulé Marquis of Sá da Bandeira Joaquim António de Aguiar Duke of Ávila and Bolama Duke of Saldanha Fontes Pereira de Melo Anselmo José Braamcamp Rodrigues Sampaio José Luciano de Castro
Spouse	Maria Pia of Savoy
Issue	Carlos I Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto
Full name Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha e Bragança
House	House of Braganza–Coburg
Father	Ferdinand II of Portugal
Mother	Maria II of Portugal
Born	(1838-10-31)31 October 1838 Lisbon, Portugal
Died	19 October 1889(1889-10-19) (aged 50) Cascais, Portugal
Burial	Pantheon of the Braganzas
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Luís I (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiʃ]; English: Louis I, Full name: Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha e Bragança, the Popular, Port. o Popular; Lisbon, 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 in Cascais) was the King of Portugal and the Algarves between 1861 and 1889. He was the second son of Maria II and Ferdinand II and was created Duke of Porto and Viseu.

Luís was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but had no distinguishing gifts in the political field into which he was thrust by the deaths of his brothers Pedro V and Fernando in 1861. Luís's domestic reign was a tedious and ineffective series of transitional governments called Rotativism formed at various times by the Progressistas (Liberals) and the Regeneradores (Conservatives – the party generally favoured by King Luís, who secured their long term in office after 1881). Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Luís's reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever further behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education, political stability, technological progress and economic prosperity. In colonial affairs, Delagoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875, whilst Belgian activities in the Congo (1880s) and a British Ultimatum in 1890 denied Portugal a land link between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa.

Luís was mostly a man of the sciences, with a passion for oceanography. He invested great amounts of his fortune in funding research boats to collect specimens in the oceans of the world. He was responsible for the establishment of one of the world's first aquariums, the Aquário Vasco da Gama in Lisbon, which is still open to the public with its vast collection of maritime life forms, including a 10 meter long squid. His love for sciences and things new was passed to his two sons.

Marriages and descendants[edit]

Luís married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Adelaide of Austria. They both had a deep love at first, but Luis's countless mistresses lead Maria Pia to depression. Together they had two sons who survived childhood, and a stillborn son in 1866. The King also fathered one illegitimate child, born in 1874 in Lisbon, a son named Carlos Augusto.

Titles, Honours, and Styles[edit]

Royal styles of King Luís I of Portugal
Reference style	His Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style	Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

Titles and Styles[edit]

• 31 October 1838 - 11 November 1861 His Highness The Duke of Porto and Viseu
• 11 November 1861 - 19 October 1889 His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves

Luís I's official styling as King of Portugal:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Luís I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.

Ancestry[edit]

External links[edit]

v t e Monarchs of Portugal House of Burgundy (1139–1383) Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Dinis I Afonso IV Pedro I Fernando I House of Aviz (1385–1580) João I Duarte I Afonso V João II Manuel I João III Sebastião I Henrique I House of Habsburg (1581–1640) Filipe I Filipe II Filipe III House of Braganza (1640–1853) João IV Afonso VI Pedro II João V José I Maria I with Pedro III João VI Pedro IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Fernando II House of Braganza-Coburg (1853–1910) Pedro V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II

v t e House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1st generation Pedro V Luís I Infanta Maria Infante João, Duke of Beja Infanta Maria Ana, Princess George of Saxony Infanta Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern Infante Fernando Infante Augusto Infante Leopoldo Infanta Maria da Glória Infante Eugénio 2nd generation Carlos I Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto 3rd generation Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal Infanta Maria Ana Manuel II The House of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza was not a recognized house in the former Kingdom of Portugal and monarchs following Maria II and Ferdinand II officially continued to be members of the House of Braganza