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1270, Royal France, Louis IX (Saint Louis). Silver Denier Tournois Coin. VF

Condition: VF
Mint Period: 1245-1270
Denomination: Denier Tournois
References: Roberts 2411, Duplessy 193.
Diameter: 19mm
Material: Silver
Weight: 1.05gm

Obverse: Castle (Chatel Tournois).
Legend: + TURONUS CIVIS

Reverse: Large cross pattee within beaded circle.
Legend: + LVDOVICUS REX

The tornesel, tornesol, or tornese was a silver coin of Europe in the late Middle Ages and the early modern era. It took its name from the denier Tournois, the denier of Tours. Marco Polo referred to the tornesel in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire. His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 bezant = 20 groats = 133⅓ tornesel.

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Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was a Capetian King of France who reigned from 1226 until his death. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached majority. During Louis's minority, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian crusade which had started 20 years earlier.

As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions, but was defeated at the battle of Taillebourg. His reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence.

Louis's actions were inspired by Christian values, he decided to punish blasphemy, gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution, he bought the relics of Christ for which he built the Sainte-Chapelle and tried to convert the Jews of France.

Louis IX was also a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king is the supreme judge to whom anyone is able to appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent private wars that were plaguing the country and introduced the presumption of innocence in criminal procedure. To enforce the correct application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs.

According to his vow made after a serious illness, and confirmed after a miraculous cure, Louis IX took an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusade in which he died from dysentery. He was succeeded by his son Philip III.

A devout Catholic, he is the only canonized king of France. Consequently, there are many places named after him.